GIRN 2/2026

Editor-in-Chief’s Foreword

How Negative Is Too Negative? Modeling the Trust Dynamics of Deinfluencing

Negative recommendations can increase perceived influencer credibility by signaling independence from promotional incentives, yet that benefit need not increase indefinitely with the frequency of criticism. This article develops a sociological and formal account of deinfluencing in which audiences infer latent communicator types – promotional, independently evaluative, or contrarian – from the observed rate of negative judgments. The resulting credibility function is single-peaked: an independence benefit with diminishing returns is offset by an accelerating reputational cost of habitual or strategic negativity.

Spatial Structure of Commerce in Pakistan in Terms of Establishment and Formalization

Wholesale and retail trade is the largest block of Pakistan’s enumerated economic establishments. Using the district release of the 2023/24 Economic Census, joined to 2023 population totals, this note maps the stock of trading premises and retail shops across 135 districts in the four provinces. It then sets that stock beside the SECP company register, as a measure of formal entry, and beside satellite night-time lights, as a measure of subsequent activity growth. The three layers support a simple district typology and a reading of formalisation as a thin overlay on a vast micro-enterprise base.

The Course of the Šik Reform and Its Possible Final Form – Part II

This second part of the study turns from the course of the Šik Reform to the form it was intended to take. Drawing on the Action Programme of 1968, draft legislation on socialist enterprises and contemporary theoretical documents, it reconstructs the projected model of enterprise autonomy, workers’ councils and the receding role of directive planning. It then follows the gradual curtailment of these designs after August 1968 and the political rejection of the reform by early 1970.

Totalitarianism in the Long Time: Literature as a Seismograph and Its Blind Spots

This study proposes a dynamic model of totalitarianism and a method for examining its literary representation. It approaches totalitarianism as a process comprising incubation, seizure of power, terror, normalization, erosion, and the subsequent formation of memory. Using the metaphor of literature as a seismograph, the study identifies both the analytical possibilities and the limitations of literary evidence and derives nine methodological principles for comparative analysis. The model is tested through a Czech sequence of works by Kafka, Čapek, and Petiška, supplemented by Hungarian and Polish points of comparison.

Comparative Statistics of Systemic and Structural Differences in the Czech and Polish Legal Codes

This article offers a quantitative and qualitative comparison of three groups of Czech and Polish legal acts: constitutions, civil codes and commercial company legislation. Linguistic kinship between Czech and Polish does not entail stylistic kinship of legal texts. The Polish Constitution is markedly more extensive and axiological, whereas the Czech Constitution remains closer to a framework model. This relation is reversed at the level of the civil codes. The differences reflect distinct legislative strategies and have consequences for legal translation and the teaching of languages for specific purposes.